Antitrust laws: what are they?

Laws that prohibit monopolistic or anti-competitive behaviour in the marketplace and encourage fair competition are known as antitrust laws. These laws forbid anti-competitive mergers, market allocation, bid-rigging, and price-fixing. Antitrust laws, which are mostly enforced in the United States by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice (DOJ), are applicable to organisations of all sizes, including public agencies, big banks, and small enterprises.

What Makes Antitrust Laws Vital?

By guaranteeing free competition, reduced costs, improved product selection, and continuous innovation, antitrust rules safeguard both consumers and companies. Dominant companies could impose unjust prices, limit market access, or drive out smaller rivals in the absence of these rules. Both the public and commercial sectors depend on these rules to preserve justice, transparency, and confidence.

Key U.S. Antitrust Laws

Sherman Act (1890): Prohibits monopolization, cartels, and collusion between competitors.
Clayton Act (1914): Restricts anti-competitive mergers, exclusive dealings, and price discrimination.
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): Established the FTC and empowered it to address unfair competition.
Robinson-Patman Act (1936): Prevents discriminatory pricing practices that harm small businesses.

Who Needs to Comply?

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)

Protects SMEs from large competitors engaging in price manipulation or exclusive contracts.
Helps maintain a competitive landscape, ensuring better access to markets and customers.

Banks and Financial Institutions

Must evaluate mergers and acquisition strategies for potential monopolistic outcomes.
Required to avoid collusion on rates, loan terms, or service territories.

Government Agencies

Monitor bidding and procurement processes for collusion or favoritism.
Enforce fair competition in public contracts to ensure taxpayer accountability.

Prohibited Practices Under Antitrust Laws

1. Price-Fixing: Agreements among competitors to set prices, leading to inflated costs for consumers.

2. Bid-Rigging: Manipulating public or private bidding processes to predetermine winners and exclude fair competition.

3. Market Allocation: Dividing geographic areas or customer segments among competitors to avoid rivalry.

4. Monopolization: Using dominant market power to exclude competitors or force exclusivity.

High-Profile Case Example: Google Antitrust Lawsuit (2023)

The DOJ sued Google for monopolizing the digital advertising market, alleging abuse of its dominance in ad tech to suppress competition and overcharge advertisers. This landmark case highlights how digital and algorithmic business models are now under the scrutiny of modern antitrust enforcement.